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Unicasts, Multicasts, and Broadcasts

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Unicast One station sending information to another station Send information between two systems Web surfing, file transfers Does not scale optimally for streaming media Multicast Delivery of information to interested systems One to many Multimedia delivery, stock exchanges Very specialized Difficult to scale across large networks Broadcast Send information to everyone at once One packet, received by everyone Limited scope - the broadcast domain Routing updates, ARP requests Not used in IPv6 - focus on multicast
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Classful Subnetting and IPv4 Subnet Masks

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Classful Subnetting Very specific subnetting architecture Not used since 1993 But still referenced in casual conversation Used as a starting point when subnetting Standard values The construction of a subnet Network address The first IP address of a subnet -Set all host bits to 0 (0 decimal) First usable host address One number higher than the network address Network broadcast address The last IP address of a subnet - Set all host bits to 1 (255 decimal) Last usable host address One number lower than the broadcast address
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IPv4 Addresses

Networking with IPv4 IP Address, e.g., 192.168.1.165 Every device needs a unique IP address Subnet mask, e.g., 255.255.255.0 Used by the local device to determine what subnet it's on The subnet mask isn't (usually) transmitted across the network You'll ask for the subnet mask all the time What's the subnet mask of this network? Default gateway, e.g., 192.168.1.1 The router that allows you to communicate outside of your local subnet The default gateway must be an IP address on the local subnet Special IPv4 addresses Loopback address An address to yourself Ranges from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254 An easy way to self-reference (ping 127.0.0.1) Reserved addresses Set aside for future use or testing 240.0.0.1 through 254.255.255.254 Virtual IP addresses (VIP) Not associated with a physical network adapter Virtual machine, internal router address
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